Discovering exoplanets using artificial intelligence
By implementing artificial intelligence techniques similar to those used in autonomous cars, a team from the UNIGE and the UniBE, in partnership with the company Disaitek, has discovered a new method for detecting exoplanets.
The majority of exoplanets discovered to date have been discovered using the transit method. This technique is based on a mini eclipse caused when a planet passes in front of its star. The decrease in lumi- nosity observed makes it possible to deduce the existence of a pla- net and to estimate its diameter, after the observations have been periodically confirmed. However, theory predicts that in many plane- tary systems, interactions between planets alter this periodicity and make their detection impossible. It is in this context that a team of astronomers from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), the University of Bern (UniBE), and the NCCR PlanetS, Switzerland, in collaboration with the company Disaitek, used artificial intelligence (AI) applied to image recognition. They taught a machine to predict the effect of interactions between planets, making it possible to discover exopla- nets that were impossible to detect until now. The tools developed, published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, could be used on Earth to detect illegal dumps and waste dumps.
Detecting a planet by the transit method is a long process. Finding the signal induced by small planets in the data can be complex, if not impossible with the usual techniques, in the case where interactions between planets alter the periodicity of the transit phenomenon. To counter this difficulty, it is necessary to develop tools that can take this effect into account.
“This is why we thought of using artificial intelligence applied to image recognition”, explains Adrien Leleu, a researcher in the Depart- ment of Astronomy at the UNIGE Faculty of Science and the NCCR Pla- netS. It is indeed possible to teach a machine, using a large number of examples, to take into account all the parameters and predict the effect of interactions between planets in a pictorial representation of the induced effect. To do this, the astronomers have joined forces with the company Disaitek through the NCCR’s Technology & Innova- tion Platform.
An artificial neural network capable of identifying objects
“The type of AI used in this project is a neural network whose aim is to determine, for each pixel in an image, the object it represents”, explains Anthony Graveline, president of Disaitek. Used in the context of an autonomous vehicle, this algorithm makes it possible to iden- tify the road, the pavement, the signs and the pedestrians perceived by the camera. In the context of exoplanet detection, the aim is to determine, for each measurement of the star’s luminosity, whether the eclipse of a planet is observed. The neural network makes its deci- sion by cross-referencing all available observations of that star with the range of configurations seen during its training.
“From the first implementations of the method, we discovered two exoplanets – Kepler-1705b and Kepler-1705c – that had been comple- tely missed by previous techniques”, reveals Adrien Leleu. The plane- tary systems thus discovered are a gold mine for our knowledge of exoplanets, and more particularly of terrestrial-type planets, which are generally difficult to characterise. The method developed not only makes it possible to estimate the radius of planets, but also provides information on their mass, and therefore on their density and compo- sition. “The use of AI, in particular of ‘deep learning’ as in this paper, is becoming increasingly widespread in astrophysics, whether to pro- cess observational data, as we did here, or to analyze the results of gigantic numerical simulations producing terabytes of data. What we have developed in this study is a new example of the fantastic contri- bution that these techniques can make to our field, and probably to all fields of research”, notes Yann Alibert, Professor at the University of Bern, and Scientific Officer of the NCCR PlanetS.
Technology for Earth observation
While this technique is proving effective for astronomical observa- tion, it can be just as useful for observing the Earth and its environ- ment. “In developing this technology, we quickly realised its potential for application to other problems for which a small amount of data is available”, says Grégory Châtel, R&D manager at Disaitek. Using very high-resolution satellite images, Disaitek is now using this AI to deal with environmental problems, in particular the detection of illegal dumping. This scourge, which is constantly on the increase, has no clear answer with traditional means.
Source: University of Geneva
Publication details:A. Leleu, G. Chatel, S. Udry, Y. Alibert, J.-B. Delisle, R. Mardling, Alleviating the transit timing variation bias in transit surveys. I. RIVERS: Method and detection of a pair of resonant super-Earths around Kepler-1705, Astronomy and Astrophysics |
Bernese space exploration: With the world’s elite since the first moon landingWhen the second man, "Buzz" Aldrin, stepped out of the lunar module on July 21, 1969, the first task he did was to set up the Bernese Solar Wind Composition experiment (SWC) also known as the “solar wind sail” by planting it in the ground of the moon, even before the American flag. This experiment, which was planned and the results analysed by Prof. Dr. Johannes Geiss and his team from the Physics Institute of the University of Bern, was the first great highlight in the history of Bernese space exploration. Ever since Bernese space exploration has been among the world’s elite. The University of Bern has been participating in space missions of the major space organizations, such as ESA, NASA, ROSCOSMOS and JAXA. It is currently co-leading the European Space Agency’s (ESA) CHEOPS mission with the University of Geneva. In addition, Bernese researchers are among the world leaders when it comes to models and simulations of the formation and development of planets. The successful work of the Department of Space Research and Planetary Sciences (WP) from the Physics Institute of the University of Bern was consolidated by the foundation of a university competence center, the Center for Space and Habitability (CSH). The Swiss National Fund also awarded the University of Bern the National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS, which it manages together with the University of Geneva. |
2021/11/11
